Operators

&& Logical AND

Both conditions must be true.

let age = 25
let has_license = true

if age >= 18 && has_license
    print("Can drive")
end

At least one condition must be true.

if is_weekend || is_holiday
    print("Day off!")
end

Negates the condition.

if !is_raining
    print("No umbrella needed")
end

String Concatenation.

# Concatenation
let greeting = "Hello, " + "World!";    # "Hello, World!"
let message = "Value: " + 42;           # "Value: 42" (auto-conversion)

# String methods
let text = "  Hello, World!  "
print(text.trim());           # "Hello, World!"
print(text.lstrip());         # "Hello, World!  "
print(text.rstrip());         # "  Hello, World!"
print(text.upper());          # "  HELLO, WORLD!  "
print(text.lower());          # "  hello, world!  "
print(text.len());            # 18

# Substring operations
let s = "Hello, World!"
print(s.sub(0, 5));           # "Hello" (from index 0, length 5)
print(s.find("World"));       # 7 (index of first occurrence)
print(s.contains("Hello"));   # true
print(s.starts_with("Hell")); # true
print(s.ends_with("!"));      # true

# String manipulation
print(s.replace("World", "Soli"));  # "Hello, Soli!"
print(s.split(", "));              # ["Hello", "World!"]
print(s.chomp());                 # "Hello, World!" (removes trailing newline)
print(s.reverse);               # "!dlroW ,olleH"
print(s.capitalize());            # "Hello, world!"
print(s.swapcase());              # "hELLO, wORLD!"

# String padding
print("hi".center(10));           # "    hi    "
print("hi".ljust(10));            # "hi        "
print("hi".rjust(10));            # "        hi"

# String queries
print(s.count("l"));              # 3
print(s.gsub("l", "L"));          # "HeLLo, WorLd!"
print(s.match("H(.*)o"));         # ["Hello", "ell"]
print(s.scan("[aeiou]"));         # ["e", "o", "o"]
print(s.tr("aeiou", "AEIOU"));    # "HEllO, WOrld!"

# Character operations
print("A".ord());                 # 65
print("hello".bytes());           # [104, 101, 108, 108, 111]
print("hello".chars());           # ["h", "e", "l", "l", "o"]
print("a\nb\nc".lines());         # ["a", "b", "c"]

# Partition and delete
print("hello-world-test".partition("-"));   # ["hello", "-", "world-test"]
print("hello-world".delete("l"));           # "heo-word"
print("hello".delete_prefix("hel"));        # "lo"
print("hello".delete_suffix("lo"));         # "hel"

# String encoding
print("hello".bytesize());        # 5

# Truncate
print("hello world".truncate(5)); # "he..."

Use ?? to provide default values for null.

let user = {"name": "Alice", "email": null}

# Traditional null check
let email = user["email"]
if email == null
    email = "unknown"
end

# Null coalescing operator
let display_email = user["email"] ?? "unknown"

# Chaining with null values
let city = user["address"]["city"] ?? "Unknown City"
# If any key in the chain is null/missing, returns "Unknown City"

Use &. for safe navigation — access properties or call methods on values that might be null without raising an error.

# Safe navigation operator
let user = get_user  # might return null

# Returns null if user is null, otherwise returns user.name
let name = user&.name

# Chain safe navigation for nested access
let city = user&.address&.city

# Call methods safely — returns null if user is null
let greeting = user&.greet

# Combine with ?? for default values
let display_name = user&.name ?? "Anonymous"

Creates a range of integers (exclusive end).

# Range creates an array
let numbers = 1..5  # [1, 2, 3, 4]

# Use in for loops
for i in 0..10
    print(i)  # 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
end